Social Problems
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Choose one social problem and consider societys response to that social problem.
In this essay I am going to attempt to define the term social problem and what it might mean in todays western society. The essay will then provide an overview of what mental illness might be and mean to the sufferer. In an effort to further understand why mental illness might be considered a social problem, the use of language will be discussed in the context of how in the past and the present it is used to depict and describe mental illness and its sufferers. These ideas will be further considered when we discuss the role of the media in relation to the publics perception and attitude towards the mental illness and the sufferer.
Sociologists usually consider a social problem to be an “alleged situation that is incompatible with the values of a significant number of people who agree that action is needed to alter the situation” (Rubington et al, 1995 p4). The term social problem is generic and can be applied to a range of conditions and anomalous behaviours which are held to be manifestations of social disorganisation and to warrant changing via some means of social engineering. Typically these problems include forms of deviant behaviour, such as crime, juvenile delinquency, prostitution, mental illness, drug addiction, and suicide, and of social conflict, ethnic tension, domestic violence and industrial discord (Social Problems in Brayford, 2006).
According to Rubington (et al, 1995, p3) most social problems arise in the course of, or as a result of, social relations. It would be wise to acknowledge that social problems relative to social relations are in a constant state of flux due to the ever changing design of society. Therefore, what comes to be considered a social problem and the values that are involved is an extremely complex matter (Rubington, et al, 1995, p5). When we think about social problems deriving from social relations, we have to consider the fact that human-beings are diverse and complex creatures. This is especially true within the western world where we live within exceptionally multi-faceted social systems that consist of a myriad of cultures, religions, ethnic origins and different ideas of a social identity. However, what is interesting is that although there seems to be an overwhelming number of definitions that endeavour to encapsulate the meaning of the whole of the term social problem, it is almost as difficult to identify what a social problem is, as the problem, as identified by society, continues to change over time.
According to Fuller and Myers (cited in Becker, 1966, p2), every social problem consists of an objective condition and a subjective definition. An objective example of this could be the increasing number of teenage pregnancies in Great Britain observed by statistics produced by the government. The subjective definition in relation to this objective example used is the fear of moral decline and the threat to family cohesiveness and family values. The subjective definition is awareness, in this example, that cherished values are under threat (Becker, 1966, p2). Moreover, when we consider different social systems, they may both share the same objective condition but the subjective definitions may be limited to only one of the two social systems. Therefore, this demonstrates, at a very basic level, that social problems are what people think they are at any given time within different social systems and although we may be able to attach definitions to the term social problem we will constantly be observing change in what is considered a social problem.
In the next section of this essay I am going to provide an overview of what might be a considered meaning of mental illness.
“The origins and expressions of psychological distress arise from the broad spectrum of conscious and unconscious mental activity that we might refer to as simply human experience” (Ryrie and Norman, 2004, p3). It is suggested that while it is considered normal for humans to suffer some degree of psychological stress, there is a point when the experience of psychological distress can be defined as disordered or illness (Ryrie and Norman, 2004, p3). What is worth noting is that the definition of mental health can sometimes be confused insofar as what the term mental health endeavours to identify in the individual, which is that of mental ill health. Although this essay will not try to distinguish what constitutes mental health, it is worth noting the distinction between the two titles.
Mental health disorders strike millions of people regardless of race, colour, gender, age and socio-economic status. Episodes of mental illnesses can come and go in periods throughout peoples lives. Some people experience their illness only once and fully recover. For others, it reoccurs throughout their lives. There are non-psychotic illnesses, which are mild. Then there are psychotic illnesses, which is a condition caused by any one of a group of illnesses that are known or thought to affect the brain causing changes in thinking, emotion and behaviour. According to Duhl and Leopold (cited in Becker, 1967, p277) “mental illness is so prevalent in our society that it constitutes a social problem simply because of its potential for disrupting the social system”. Indeed, mental illness has many social determinants and components both in its causation and in its management. In an effort to highlight these points Kitwood (1997, p1-6) describes the mental illness that is dementia as a silent rising tide in western culture and suggests that dementia is primarily a feature of industrialised societies. Kitwood, who died in 1998, noted that the problem was continuously growing and that between half and one million people were affected by this one mental illness alone. According to Kitwood (1997, p2) “dementia may prove to be the most significant epidemiological feature of the late twentieth century.” Dementia currently affects over 750,000 people in the United Kingdom and the number of people with dementia is steadily increasing as Kitwood predicted (Alzheimers Society, no date). Undoubtedly, the affect of the increasing number of people suffering with this type of mental illness will have a profound effect on how, as a society, we respond to and manage those that are affected.
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