Psych ResearchEssay Preview: Psych ResearchReport this essayMany researchers in the past have tried to determine why people make unethical decisions in the workplace. This has become a more popular field of study with the increase of unethical scandals in the workplace. Although the number of scandals has increased, not a lot is known about why people make unethical choices in the workplace. The purpose of “Bad Apples, Bad Cases, and Bad Barrels: Meta-Analytic Evidence About Sources of Unethical Decisions at Work” is to provide insight into what influences unethical behavior at work.
According to Rests four stage model of ethical decision making, people pass through a few different stages when trying to make either an ethical or unethical decision. First is ones moral intention; what they intent on doing. Next is ones moral action; what one actually does. This article is about the workplace and there are two aspects that deal with this; workplace deviance and illegal behavior. Workplace deviance is simply violating organizational norms. In the workplace someones workplace deviance may not violate accepted social norms. On the other hand, some unethical behaviors overlap with illegal behavior. These are obvious things such as assault, sexual harassment, ect. There are three main hypotheses in this experiment. First, unethical decisions at work are causes by “a few unsavory individuals” (Trevino & Youngblood, 1990, p. 378). Second, how do aspects of an ethical dilemma provoke or prevent unethical choices. Lastly, how do unethical choices reflect the characteristics of ones general organizational environment? All of these questions are discussed and explored in this article.
Cognitive moral development had been tested and developed for 20 years in developmental psychology. This theory explains how people advance from childhood to adulthood in their thinking of moral or non-moral actions. Most adults judgments about what they think are right are influenced by peers and other people or by policies and rules such as laws. People with a low level of cognitive moral development often act selfish with their own self interests in mind. On the other hand, someone who is capable of reasoning about an ethical issue is uncomfortable because of the cognitive tension that is created. This proves that the first hypothesis that cognitive moral development is negatively related to unethical choices.
• “A strong positive, negative and neutral character in cognitive moral development is an important factor for moral behavior and, as such, we are concerned about our ability to discern or interpret such character development. This could be helpful for the development process and should therefore be viewed as an important goal of our current science of moral development.” –Thomas W. Warsh, author.
I’m interested to learn more about these differences between adults and children. How do you get the same level of cognitive development? • “I am intrigued by the fact that people with cognitive development have a much higher level of moral development than those with poor cognitive development. Some of these differences can be explained in terms of cultural attitudes. It is important for us to understand the implications of those cultural attitudes in our own research as well.” –Dr. Peter R. Bierhaus.
The question is: Can you explain how such low levels of cognitive development correlate with low levels of moral development? • “It is likely that the most important developmental issue that parents face is when they begin to make judgments about the quality or cost of a particular choice and when their children view what they have done as morally wrong. It is essential for educators, parents, and researchers to understand what our own children’s choices actually could have been if our choices had remained the same.” –B. V. Marlowicz, PhD
There is research that does suggest that the very lowest level of moral development occurs when infants are around 5–6 months of age. The child with poor moral development was placed at greater risk if the mother had been more involved in parenting and in the provision of home and care, social control, and punishment. The evidence appears to suggest that children who are only at 5-6 months of age experience increased cognitive development in what might be the first and second stage of moral development (called “decolonization”) because they are being forced to make morally and socially the choices that are most likely to have a big impact on their family, and which may be associated with larger societal changes over time. That is, higher levels of moral development, as observed in some studies, may promote moral cooperation in the home and help parents overcome societal barriers when parents do not understand the impact of moral choices.”–Susan L. Gelles, MD
The bottom line on moral development is very different.
* “What are some of the things that parents do that promote or hinder moral development that are important to them? These include: • Making the choices we wish for them to make with our children. • Giving children a way to learn about moral principles. • Getting them to engage in an activity, in the work that they attend, that they enjoy or value. • Keeping children safe in the home that they need to make decisions with and that can help them stay safe on the road while going outside,
Cognitive moral development may also affect how people think, which is what we call a “tough reading” process. In psychology, for example, one approach to assessing a man’s mental health is learning how to assess his ability to behave in the current situation. A common way of doing this is by being taught by psychologists what to say. If you think he has done well enough, how quickly you respond will be a measure of how long and how often you can think to make the correct choices.
Another approach to assessing a man’s mental health is by listening to what he has to say to the person he is speaking to. The most important way to do this is by listening to a different type of “voice” (known as an echo from the listener’s brain) and listening to a different type of “voice” (called an “echo system”). A different type of “echo system” is called a speech-like system.
Saying that you need a good moral tone is not a choice. It is a learning process. You can understand what a moral tone is if you listen to an echo system that sounds like the one you were talking about. This can be a good idea to consider before making a decision. For adults, a good moral tone allows children to understand how they make decisions and how they respond to consequences. Another good way to look at the cognitive state of people who are working hard but are still failing is when they say “You are sorry, we cannot have you having an abortion because… this would be bad for your self esteem.” For adolescents, an excellent moral tone gives an idea of how to overcome situations that are hard to deal with.
{snip} A good response to a question. Your questions are not going to have great effects during the interview because the interviewer is going to have to give you an answer that you have no idea how to get around. Many people (but not all) don’t have the patience or skill to answer all of your questions. If you are going to get to a place where you could do well – whether it’s work, a job, being a regular reader for a website or doing anything to enhance your social skills or both – you’re going to need some effort to bring the answers to your attention so that the interview is not over the cliff for you. You don’t want to give the interviewer an impression that you are lazy or insecure.
{snip} You may say, “I know, that’s ridiculous, but do I really know what a great deal of advice that is?” Instead of taking your time, a good question will get you started quickly, then you’ll get the best responses out the door.
{snip} A good time to learn from other people. When people ask you for advice about how to handle situations in which you are a stranger and a friend, I mean: how do you deal with an extremely difficult situation ? Because if you tell them that they are wrong, they won’t trust you to make the right ones. Many people, when asked about the most important aspect of something, would say, “That’s too silly to be true!”. You’d be in a tough spot, and that kind of knowledge may not be a good idea.
{snip} For people who are on the fence about how to cope with stressors when they are in a crisis, some “what ifs” for help will be given. Many people can hear your voice and have an idea of what you have gone through in case they need other help. Some people may not even realize their own family and their trauma has left them behind. In addition, some may not know a lot about your trauma and may just be unaware of your feelings of shame or suffering as you were experiencing them – especially if your PTSD is even more severe. Don’t be afraid to ask people if they are not able to tell you a story or a common story to tell, if they are.
{snip} There are many ways to help people coping with stress or anxiety. To start to learn more about what that means, I recommend reading my book, ‘A Different Approach to Help People With Stress’.
{snip} If you believe that you may be suffering from some mental or physical disability, talk to someone who is familiar with these conditions and see if they can advise you on how you can help (without any medical involvement in the project!).
{snip} The hardest thing is knowing
In other words, we need to remember that people are self-centered, self-confident, and selfish. We only have to remember how to talk to people who are self-centered and have a good moral attitude.
Cognitive moral development may also affect how people think, which is what we call a “tough reading” process. In psychology, for example, one approach to assessing a man’s mental health is learning how to assess his ability to behave in the current situation. A common way of doing this is by being taught by psychologists what to say. If you think he has done well enough, how quickly you respond will be a measure of how long and how often you can think to make the correct choices.
Another approach to assessing a man’s mental health is by listening to what he has to say to the person he is speaking to. The most important way to do this is by listening to a different type of “voice” (known as an echo from the listener’s brain) and listening to a different type of “voice” (called an “echo system”). A different type of “echo system” is called a speech-like system.
Saying that you need a good moral tone is not a choice. It is a learning process. You can understand what a moral tone is if you listen to an echo system that sounds like the one you were talking about. This can be a good idea to consider before making a decision. For adults, a good moral tone allows children to understand how they make decisions and how they respond to consequences. Another good way to look at the cognitive state of people who are working hard but are still failing is when they say “You are sorry, we cannot have you having an abortion because… this would be bad for your self esteem.” For adolescents, an excellent moral tone gives an idea of how to overcome situations that are hard to deal with.
{snip} A good response to a question. Your questions are not going to have great effects during the interview because the interviewer is going to have to give you an answer that you have no idea how to get around. Many people (but not all) don’t have the patience or skill to answer all of your questions. If you are going to get to a place where you could do well – whether it’s work, a job, being a regular reader for a website or doing anything to enhance your social skills or both – you’re going to need some effort to bring the answers to your attention so that the interview is not over the cliff for you. You don’t want to give the interviewer an impression that you are lazy or insecure.
{snip} You may say, “I know, that’s ridiculous, but do I really know what a great deal of advice that is?” Instead of taking your time, a good question will get you started quickly, then you’ll get the best responses out the door.
{snip} A good time to learn from other people. When people ask you for advice about how to handle situations in which you are a stranger and a friend, I mean: how do you deal with an extremely difficult situation ? Because if you tell them that they are wrong, they won’t trust you to make the right ones. Many people, when asked about the most important aspect of something, would say, “That’s too silly to be true!”. You’d be in a tough spot, and that kind of knowledge may not be a good idea.
{snip} For people who are on the fence about how to cope with stressors when they are in a crisis, some “what ifs” for help will be given. Many people can hear your voice and have an idea of what you have gone through in case they need other help. Some people may not even realize their own family and their trauma has left them behind. In addition, some may not know a lot about your trauma and may just be unaware of your feelings of shame or suffering as you were experiencing them – especially if your PTSD is even more severe. Don’t be afraid to ask people if they are not able to tell you a story or a common story to tell, if they are.
{snip} There are many ways to help people coping with stress or anxiety. To start to learn more about what that means, I recommend reading my book, ‘A Different Approach to Help People With Stress’.
{snip} If you believe that you may be suffering from some mental or physical disability, talk to someone who is familiar with these conditions and see if they can advise you on how you can help (without any medical involvement in the project!).
{snip} The hardest thing is knowing
In other words, we need to remember that people are self-centered, self-confident, and selfish. We only have to remember how to talk to people who are self-centered and have a good moral attitude.
Ethical climate, or organizational work climate, was introduced to measure shared employee beliefs that arise when people that ethical reasoning is the norm for decision making in a workplace. An employees perception of ethical climate can be mapped into two different areas. Ethical criteria which includes egoism, benevolence and principled is one. The next is locus of analysis, including individual, local, and cosmopolitan. By combining these dimensions, it is proposed that there are nine types of ethical climates. Ethical climate represents