Standard of an American Comic Book Superhero: Taking Classical Hero into Modern Times
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Standard of an American Comic Book Superhero: Taking Classical Hero into Modern Times
The origin of the American idea of a superhero
The existence of superheroes in literature was present throughout most of the written history of the world. Every country, nation and culture have their tales and myths about a special person that sets out to become a savior of the world or about a warrior who spends most of his existence in search for the truth and whose life is a metaphor of the quest for the meaning of life. The superhero is a seeker, who focuses on solving an elaborated enigma, the unknown, and yet may be perceived as everyman. What is more, superheroes are self-made people, who by constantly pushing themselves forward achieve better results in normal life, and also become renowned among their society as peacekeepers.
American comic book characters draw on from models taken from myth composites of such ancient cultures as Norse Scandinavian (Beowulf), Greco-Roman (Hercules), and even Babylonian (Gilgamesh). What is easily observable in their myths, is how all characters may fall under one very simple model of composition: the hero is usually marked for his destiny early in his childhood; learns and trains physically until he or she becomes mature; sets out alone (or with just a few most trusted companions) on a journey to seek his or her final destiny and truth about themselves; becoming perfect in their masculinity and femininity and being desirable by opposite the sex; fighting for their beliefs and the righteousness of their cause; protecting the weak; defending the borders and system of original culture; succeeding in a god-given task; embodying the most wanted values, they fight against evildoers and attackers; they are fortunate and reach the very peak of human bodily abilities.
The main point of this work is to asses these earlier mentioned features that are used in the creation of the modern superheroes that appear in the American comic books. The proliferation of superheroes is a world scale phenomenon that lately exceeds the cartoon literature industry.
Ryan Edwardson has once written that “nations need heroes, even fictional ones” , so that even though just an imaginary creation, they are an important part of s nations cultural identity; being something that was, is and still will be present in the cultural awareness of its people, making just a fictional superhero a distinctive, and easy to associate, feature of the culture. For example, when thinking about Jersey Devil he is instantly associated with the myth of a strange creature in the USA; if we are talking about Moses, then we are visualizing the Israeli long struggle for independence; and if we are thinking about St. Peter, we are commonly recognizing him as an important part of Christian culture. Some may consider this as an inappropriate or even offending comparison; however, what I want to stress out here is the power of popular myths.
Ever since the first superhero made his debut appearance in the summer of 1939 (Action Comics, June 1939) , there has been established a canon of casting heroes as the defenders of traditional American values such as the authority of God, country, freedom, liberty, father and mother, proclaiming the necessity for the children to be self-reliant. It is important to investigate the American myth in which the concept of a hero appears. Lawrence and Jewett in their discussion of the myth of American superhero use the term monomyth to explain this issue:
Whereas the classical monomyth seemed to reflect the rites of initiation, the American monomyth derives from tales of redemption. It secularizes the Judeo-Christian dramas of community redemption that have arisen on American soil, combining elements of the selfless servant who impassively gives his life for others and the zealous crusader who destroys evil. The supersaviors in pop culture function as replacements for the Christ figure, whose credibility was eroded by scientific rationalism. But their superhuman abilities reflect a hope for divine, redemptive powers that science has never eradicated from the popular mind.
The authors of the quote move further in their discussion stating that American culture, with its cultural products, is now post-mythical. The reason for this is that contemporarily created heroes are built around a regular pattern, basing the characters on an all-well-known archetype that they defy the laws of gravity, have supernatural abilities, battle in a self imposed crusade, die at some point and are resurrected. Apart from the religious side, there is also a more profane aspect of superheroes. It could be said that fictional characters draw from the ideas of the expansion of the western frontier. When we think about the harmless pilgrims expanding the borders of the Union, we automatically imagine the well known obstacles on their way: bandits, uncivilized Indians and the unknown wilderness itself. However, there was always a person that embodied courage and striving against all odds to progress the expansion from the east. Such ideas were performed in The Lone Ranger TV series (1949-1957), and in roles of such actors as James Stewart in How the West was Won (1962) and John Wayne in John Fords cavalry trilogy (Fort Apache, 1948; She Wore a Yellow Ribbon, 1949; Rio Grande 1950)
The key to create a modern superhero, that fits into the monomythic idea is as follows: at first, we have the tragedy of the main hero that sets him or her on the future path; secondly, training and honing of skills needed for future endeavors; thirdly, as a well experienced hero he or she gains prestige and is widely recognized by his foes as their major enemy; fourthly, as he or she comes to the peak of his abilities the ultimate nemesis appears, who makes the superhero fall from his position; and finally, the protagonists comes back stronger, and more aware of his or her mission, and is able to defeat even stronger opposition. It is a really simple pattern, which finds its reflection, for example, in the story of Luke Skywalker from George Lucas classic Star Wars trilogy.
However, the primary focus of this research paper is not a study of movie classics, but on the way how well known heroes from classical literature helped in creating the modern mythology of American superheroes.
As the character for this explanation I have chosen the character of Bruce Wayne, or better known by his vigilante codename – Batman. The main reason for this is that of the whole great pantheon of characters consisting of such iconic creations as Superman, Iron Man and Spiderman, he not them, is the real man, as in of normal flesh and blood, striking the minds of readers with nothing but his relentlessness,