Stock Structure of the Cod Fisheries
Stock Structure of the Cod Fisheries
Stock Structure of the Cod Fisheries
Introduction
Fisheries management deals with populations or “stocks”, usually in reference to geography. A stock is a population or a portion of a population, all members of which are characterised by similarities that are not heritable, but are induced by the environment. A stock may or may not include members of several different sub-populations. Subpopulations are a fraction of a population that is itself genetically self-sustaining. It is the smallest natural self-perpetuating unit. Although differences between sub-populations may be small they are heritable (Iverson, 1996). Members of a subpopulation segregate at spawning time, whereas members of a stock need not.
Effective management and resistance to exploitation, depend partly on how well these identified divisions reflect the lives and behaviour of fish. The fish in different stocks may differ in their size and growth rate, in the range they occupy, in their habits of migration and spawning, or in a variety of other features of physiology or behaviour. There is evidence that many traditionally identified cod stocks contain a number of sub-stocks oriented to particular feeding and spawning grounds along the coast or offshore, despite this, at present the northern cod stocks are managed as one unit (Ryan, 1996).
The genetic makeup of fish stocks is becoming increasingly important in fisheries management. Each individual of any species carries a set of complicated biological instructions in every cell of its body carried in the cell nucleus, in “genes”. They govern how each cell functions and how the animal itself develops from a fertilized egg to a mature individual. The cells of most animals have thousands of genes, half of them inherited from each parent. Related individuals share many of the same genes, and commonly lack some of the genes shared by another population of the same species. Patterns like this mean it may be possible to use genetic analysis to distinguish one stock of fish from another, to estimate the frequency of interbreeding between neighbouring stocks, and to find clues to the ancestry of different stocks (Ryan, 1996).
This section gives a brief introduction to the Gadidae family, before focusing on and describing the range of the Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua). This will be followed by the traditional and genetic methods of establishing and tracing cod stocks and examples of research on stock structure using these different methods. The section will conclude with an evaluation of the two methods.
The Gadidae Family
Table 1: Gadidae Latin and common names
Gadidae
(Cods and Haddocks)
Scientific Name
English Name
Arctogadus borisovi
East Siberian cod
Arctogadus glacialis
Arctic cod
Boreogadus saida
Polar cod
Eleginus gracilis
Saffron cod
Eleginus nawaga
Navaga
Gadiculus argenteus argenteus
Silvery cod
Gadiculus argenteus thori
Silvery pout
Gadus macrocephalus
Pacific cod
Gadus morhua
Atlantic cod
Gadus ogac
Greenland cod
Melanogrammus aeglefinus
Haddock
Merlangius merlangus
Whiting
Microgadus proximus
Pacific tomcod
Microgadus tomcod
Atlantic tomcod
Micromesistius australis
Southern blue whiting
Micromesistius poutassou
Blue whiting
Pollachius pollachius
Pollack
Pollachius virens
Pollock
Raniceps