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Microbiology Study Guide
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Study Guide Notes ÐŽV Test 1
CHAPTER 1
Linnaeus ÐŽV naming system
Hooke ÐŽV cells in cork
Van Leeuwenhoek ÐŽV animalcules (1st obs. of live microorganisms)
Redi ÐŽV experiment to disprove spontaneous generation ÐŽV meat
Needham ÐŽV experiment to prove spontaneous generation ÐŽV broth (vital force)
Spallanzani ÐŽV heated broth did not develop microbial growth
Virchow ÐŽV biogenesis (living can only arise from preexisting living)
Pasteur ÐŽV air contained, but did not produce, microbes (broth, s-flasks); pasteurization; lose virility, still immunity
Lister ÐŽV aseptic surgery (phenol on surgical wounds)
Koch ÐŽV cause of anthrax (Bacillus anthracis) ÐŽV bacteria in blood, injected into healthy, died, compared bacteria
Jenner ÐŽV vaccines (cowpox provided immunity against small pox) ÐŽV milk maids
Erlich ÐŽV ÐŽ§magic bulletЎЁ; salvarsan against syphilis
Fleming ÐŽV Penicillium chrysogenum inhibited bacteria growth in plate
Beadle & Tatum ÐŽV one gene one enzyme hypothesis
Avery, MacLeod & McCarty ÐŽV DNA = hereditary material
Tatum & Lederberg ÐŽV conjugation
Watson & Crick ÐŽV aa model for structure/replication of DNA
Jacob & Monod ÐŽV mRNA
Beijerinck & Winogradsky ÐŽV microbial ecology
Naming: Latinized, Genus 1st – always caps, species 2nd – always lower case, both underlined or italics; descriptive
Characteristics
Prokaryotes
Bacteria
Many shapes: bacillus (rods), coccus (sphere), spirilla (spiral)
Individually or in groups
Reproduce by binary fission
Archaea
Cell walls NO PEPTIDOGLYCAN
Shares characteristics with bacteria and euk, but diff from each
Often in extreme environments
3 groups:
methanogens (produce methane)
extreme thermophiles (hot sulfurous water)
extreme halophiles (very salty environments)
Eukaryotes
Fungi
Multi- or Uni-cellular (yeasts)
Cell walls mostly chitin
Typical fungi = molds
Form mycelia, composted of hyphae
Reproduce sexually or asexually
Protozoa
Unicellular
Move via:
Pseudopods (extensions of cytoplasm)
Flagella (whiplike)
Cilia (shorter)
Free or as parasite
Sexual or asexual
Algae
photosynthetic
variety of shapes
sexual and asexual reproductive forms
cell walls composed of cellulose (like plants)
take co2, sunlight, h20 ÐŽV create oxygen and carbs (imp. In balance of environment)
Viruses
Very diff. from other microbes
Very small ÐŽV need electron microscope
Acellular
Nucleic acid core
Protein coat
Some also have envelope
Obligate intracellular parasite ÐŽV need host cell to survive & replicate
Animal Parasites
Cell Structure
Eukaryotic
Prokaryotic
CHAPTER 4
Bacterial cell
Shapes
Cocci (sphere)
Bacilli (rod)
Spirlilla (spiral)
Stella (star)
Haloarcula (square)
Arrangements
Diplo- (pairs)
Staphylo- (clusters)
Strepto- (chains)
Cell Structures
Prokaryotic
OUTSIDE cell wall
glucocalyx ÐŽV sticky
capsule ÐŽV organized, prevents phagocytosis
slime layer ÐŽV unorganized, loose
polysaccharide allows cell to attach
flagella (cells w/o flagella are atrichous) (proteins are H antigens ÐŽV E. coli O157:H7)
made of chains of flagellin
attached to protein hook
anchored