Essay About Swallowedparietal Cells And Immune System

Bio Review for Test
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REVIEW for TEST 4Humans are bulk eatersFluid feeder -> an animal that sucks nutritious fluids from its food sourceSubstrate feeder -> an animal that lives on and eats its way through its food sourcePeristalsis -> smooth muscle contractions that move food along the digestive tractSphincters -> small circular muscles that help regulate the flow of food out of the stomachChime -> mixture of food, mucous, and other stomach fluidsAmylase -> starch-digesting enzyme from salivaEpiglottis -> flap of tissue that covers the trachea when food is being swallowedParietal cells -> stomach cells that produce hydrogen and chloride ionsChief cells -> stomach cells that secrete pepsinogenBacteria is the cause of most stomach ulcersThe approximate pH of the stomach is 2Microvilli -> surface projections on intestinal epithelial cellsBile salts aid in the digestion of fatsThe liver converts glucose to glycogen after a mealColon is important for water reabsorption in the digestive tractGas exchange occurs in the alveoli in human lungsDiaphragm is the thin muscle involved in breathingPharynx -> part of both the digestive and respiratory tractsHumans breathe by negative pressure breathingHemoglobin -> oxygen-carrying moleculeBlood from head and arms flows through the superior vena cavaBlood from lower trunk and legs flows through the inferior vena cava back to the heartBlood moves from heart to lungs via the pulmonary arteryBlood moves from the lungs to the heart through the pulmonary veinAV node -> our natural peacemakerInnate immunity -> immune system that include barriers such as skin and mucusInterferon -> molecule secreted by virus infected cells to warn other cellsInflammatory response includes heat, swelling, pain, and rednessAntigen -> any molecule that can elicit an immune responseComplement system -> a group of proteins that when activated work together for the immune systemActive immunity -> immunity obtained from a vaccine or an infectionPassive immunity -> immunity obtained from injection of antibodies or through breast milkHumoral immune response -> immunity by B cells (antibodies) Cellular immune response -> immunity by T cellsPlasma cells are effector B cellsPrimary immune response -> response after 1st exposure to antigenSecondary immune response -> response after 2nd or more exposure to antigenAgglutination -> antibodies stick together to make a big globPrecipitation -> antibodies stick dissolved antigens together to make them precipitateEndotherm -> animal that heats itself with metabolismEctotherm -> animal that use ambient temps to regulate its body tempEvaporative cooling -> cooling by evaporation of liquids off of skin (sweating)Conduction -> heating by direct contact with the heat sourceConvection -> heating by air or water going across body surfaceAmmonia -> nitrogen waste product that is most toxic. Fish and other aquatic animals use this methodUrea -> less toxic nitrogen waste product. Humans use this methodUric acid -> nitrogen waste product that is good for water conservation but its more expensive to makeNephron -> functional unit of kidneyGlomerulus -> filter of the kidneyBowman’s capsule -> where you find the glomerulusHelper T cells -> T cells that help both the humoral response and the cellular responseCapillaries are the smallest blood vesselsArteries -> blood vessels that take blood away from the heartVeins -> blood vessels that have valvesBlood pressure -> pressure blood exerts on vessel wallsHypertension -> blood pressure over 140/90Plasma is the liquid portion of bloodFibrinogen -> plasma protein involved in clottingErythrocytes -> red blood cellsLeukocytes -> white blood cellsPlatelets -> cellular portion of blood involved in blood clottingNatural killer cells -> attack virus-infected cells and cancer cellsMacrophages -> large cells of the immune system that engulf bacteria and other foreign moleculesLymph node -> a collection of lymphoid tissue along the lymphatic system where lymphocytes hang outMast cells -> cells that release histamine during an allergic reactionIgE antibodies -> antibodies specific to allergic reactionsSurfactants -> special secretions that help keep alveoli open