Enzyme Lab Using Jello
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Enzyme Lab Using Jello
INTRODUCTION:
Enzymes are known as protein catalysts. The name protein catalyst suggests that most enzymes are made of proteins. A catalyst is a substance that speeds up chemical reactions without being consumed in the process. (Giuseppe, M 2002, p.69). After a reaction has been catalyzed, the catalyst can be used again to catalyze the same reaction. Enzymes reduce the activation energy (minimal energy) it takes for a reaction to take place. Enzymes can either catabolize (destroy), or anabolize (build up) a chemical system.
The substrate is the reactant that an enzyme acts upon as it catalyzes a chemical reaction. (Giuseppe, M 2002, p. 69). The substrate is bound to a specific site on the enzyme and only that specific enzyme can act on a specific substrate. Some enzymes in the body require either non-protein cofactor or a coenzyme which enables the enzyme to carry out its specific function. A non-protein cofactor found in the body of humans is called insulin. Insulin brings the glucose from red blood cells pass the cell membrane and into the cell.
Enzymes are inhibited by a variety of organisms. These organisms are called competitive inhibitors or noncompetitive inhibitors. Competitive inhibitors inhibit enzymes on their active site so that the substrate cannot fit into the active site. Noncompetitive inhibitors bind to a site other than the active site thus changing the shape of the enzyme to the point that it looses affinity for the substrate. (Giuseppe, M 2002 p. 73). Feedback inhibition is a method that controls the metabolic process in the body. (Giuseppe, M, 2002 p. 73). It tells the enzymes when to either produce more or less products.
Enzymes can be denatured; this means that an enzyme can lose its function due to forces acting on the enzyme. Protein denaturing can be caused by two factors: temperature and pH. Every enzyme in the body has a temperature at which it works best. The human enzyme works best at a temperature of 32oC. (Giuseppe, M 2002 p. 73). If this temperature is surpassed, protein denaturing occurs and the enzyme will lose its function. Another factor that plays a role in protein denaturing is pH (acidity of the body). If the pH of a protein increases or decreases past a crucial point, the protein is also denatured and it will lose its functions.
OBJECTIVE:
To test for the presence of enzymes in fruits and the specificity of those enzymes, as well as to identify and show the susceptibility of enzyme to certain environmental factors (temperature, pH) originating in the enzyme’s environment.
HYPOTHESIS:
The Pineapple and Kiwi fruits will contain enzymes which denatures gelatine protein molecules. The proteolytic enzymes in Pineapples will be denatured at a temperature of 75oC.
MATERIALS:
1 envelope gelatine
hot plate
thawed pineapple juice concentration,
1 measuring cup
hot water bath
soy sauce
9 test tubes
thermometer
worcestershire sauce
7-5 ml pipettes
1 test tube rack
water
Graduated cylinder
test tube tongs
pineapple juice
1 spoon
refrigerator
apple juice
Boiling water
250ml beaker
kiwi juice
Papaya juice
lemon juice
strawberry juice
PROCEDURE:
Enzyme Lab 1
Test tubes were numbered from 1 to 9
Gelatin was prepared in a mixing bowl
Half of the recommended boiling water amounts was dissolved well with a spoon
3ml fruit juiced was placed in each test tube
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Tube 1 — water only
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Tube 2 — pineapple
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Tube 3 — kiwi
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Tube 4 — lemon
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Tube 5 — apple
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Tube 6 — papaya
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Tube 7 — strawberry
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Tube 8 — Soy solution
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Tube 9 — Worcestershire solution
10 ml. gelatine mixture was added to each test tube
The test tubes were shook well to ensure proper mixing
The test tubes were placed on a test tube rack to be refrigerated overnight. Observations were recorded.
On the second day, the contents of each test tube were checked for solidification of contents. Observations were recorded.
Enzyme Lab 2
Test tubes were labelled from 1 — 9. The remaining test tube was labelled as “RT” (room temperature).
A temperature gradient of which ranged from 0 C to 100C was created. Each test tube number corresponded to each temperature. The temperature of the room temperature was written as “RT”
3 ml. pineapple juice was added to each test tube
Each test tube was heated to the appropriate temperature as decided in step 2.
All test tubes were placed in a cold water bath, and gradually, the temperature of the water bath was increased. The corresponding test tubes were removed from the bath at the appropriate temperature.
10 ml. gelatin was added to each test tube. Each test tube was shook well to ensure proper mixing.
Each test tube was placed in a test tube rack and then placed in a refrigerator to solidify over night.
On day 2, each test tube was checked for liquidity of contents. Observations were recorded.
OBSERVATIONS:
Enzyme lab 1
Before Solutions were refrigerated