Providence And Ability In The Knyghtes Tale
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Providence and ability greatly affect a knight’s everyday life and a balance must be found between them in order for him to succeed. At times, he may even have to overcome God’s providence with the help of his extraordinary abilities. The two main characters of the Knyghtes Tale, Palamon and Arcite, strive to reconcile these aspects throughout the tale. Luckily, Theseus serves as the model we can compare them to and he guides them to a noble end by interfering in their duel when they go astray. The development Arcite and Palamon show between their characters in the duel and those in the battle gives us hope that we can fruitfully integrate providence and ability within our own lives.
The Knyght gives us an account of providence, the first main aspect of a knight’s life, both in passing and in long descriptions. One of his most striking examples comes from a narration of a seemingly trivial action, Theseus’ hunting expedition.
The destinee, ministre general,
That executeth in the world over al
The purveiance that God hath seyn biforn,
So strong it is that, though the world had sworn
The contrarie of a thyng by ye or nay,
Yet sometyme it shall fallen on a day
That falleth nat eft withinne a thousand yeer.
For certeinly, oure appetites heer,
Be it of werre, or pees, or hate, or love,
Al is this reuled by the sighte above.
The destiny, minister general,
That administers over all in the world
The foresight that God has said before,
So strong it is that, though the world had sworn
The opposite of a thing be it ye or nay,
Yet sometime it shall fall on a day
That falls not again within a thousand years.
For certainly, our appetites here,
Be it of war, or peace, or hate, or love,
All this is ruled by the foresight above.
The Knyght uses this description to explain why Theseus encounters Arcite and Palamon’s duel in the grove, but the description performs a much greater task in the tale, it explicitly tells us the influence destiny has over our appetites. This passage communicates its message with certainty; we have no choice in which forces will drive our lives.
The Knyght gives us an account of ability, the second main aspect of a knight’s life, by means of the character Duke Theseus, a perfect example of knighthood. Theseus embodies the characteristics that all knights must attain in order to be considered honorable. These characteristics can be simplified into three main categories that focus on respect; he respects himself, others worthy of honor, and God. He plays this role even more perfectly because of the consistency in his nobility throughout the tale.
Before all else, he holds himself to a high standard. Early in the tale the Knyght gives us a brief overview of his accomplishments that lay the foundation for his ideal character. Theseus also recognizes his aptitude for success as a knight and acts accordingly with confidence. For instance, he interrupts the duel between Palamon and Arcite without hesitation even though he does not know anything about the situation or men involved, only that they are fighting with much strength. Furthermore, when he suggests that Palamon and Arcite settle their dispute with a battle he promises Emily’s hand upon his truthfulness and knighthood and says he will judge impartially. Both his actions and his speech convey his confidence in his worthiness as a knight.
Then, he treats those he views to be worthy of honor nobly. We first see his devotion to his friends when he changes Arcite’s sentence simply because of his love for Perotheus, who favored Arcite when he lived in Thebes. He also honors those whom he does not know personally, as he does with Palamon, Arcite, and their armies when he leads them through Athens, inns them, and entertains them. After the battle he encourages the other knights to act the same when he tells the armies to stop their rancor and ill will toward each other and instead act as brothers because of their valor in battle.
Moreover, he allows himself to be swayed by compassion even though his first reaction to a breach in lawfulness is to enforce the expected condemnation. While he initially plans to kill both of the knights for their noncompliance to his punishments, he quickly pardons them when he listens to the voice of the women. He makes compassion an intrinsic part of his own judgment when he spares the lives of the armies, whom he perceives as having noble intentions, and commands that no gentle blood will be spilled in the battle. Although at first glance we may see this grace as a weakness in his character, the Knyght tells us how suitable it is to Theseus’ knightliness.
For pitee renneth soone in gentil herte.
For pity moves quickly in a noble heart.
His actions and declarations reveal his consideration for others, especially those whom he deems worthy of knightliness.
Finally, he gives providence its place in the decisions of the world. For instance, he lets the gods decide who will win the battle between Arcite and Palamon. Despite his clear ability and judgment of character in others, he still acknowledges providence’s role and its demand for respect. Theseus is the ideal knight because he balances God’s role, his own role, and the role of others in the world.
The Knghtes Tale shows how certain dispositions endure the tension created between their providence, including desires, and their knightly abilities. Palamon and Arcite interact with these aspects in completely opposite ways; Palamon focuses more on duty and his abilities whereas Arcite focuses more on his desires and providence. Both of them struggle because they do not balance these forces in their lives until Theseus helps them at the end of the tale. Curiously, I find it difficult to choose whether a character like Palamon or one like Arcite is better off because they both struggle a great deal.
Palamon is a knight who relies