The Cold War
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The Cold War was the almost 50 year rift between the Soviet Union and the United States of America. It started in the mid 40s after WWII had left Europe in shambles. Because of the defeat of Hitler and Germany in WWII, Russia and the USA were both in superpower positions. The US and Russia had differences in the division of Europe, post war economic aid, and the atomic bomb. (Divine, 810) The Cold War was a clash of these super giants in political, ideological, military, and economic values and ideas. Though military build up was great on both sides neither one ever directly fought each other.
The fundamental disagreement was over which superpower would control post WWII Europe. The Soviets had control over Poland and the Balkans. The American and British forces liberated western European areas from Scandinavia down to Italy. Russia had goals of establishing communist governments, which were loyal to the Soviet Union. The United States held the principle of democracy and insisted that people chose their post war rulers freely. (Divine, 810)
In the late 40s through early 50s the Soviet Union started to spread the Lenin ideological as it started moving in the western block in Europe. The US started funding the rebuilding of European infrastructure in a system called the Marshall Plan. Marshall appointed Dean Acheson as his undersecretary of state, and George Keenan to head the new Policy Planning Staff. These two individuals played a very important role in creating the foreign policy of the United States for the next several decades, especially when it related to Russia and the U.S.s attempts to contain it.
The Truman Doctrine comes from a speech given by President Truman to Congress on March 12, 1947, asking for 400 million in military and economic aid for Greece. The worry was that the communists in Greece were being supported by the Russians and if Greece fell to the communists in its civil war, communism would spread throughout the Mediterranean. This Doctrine puts forth the idea that by affecting a country other than Russia we are still fighting the Russians by proxy. (Divine, 813) “It must be the policy of the United States,” Truman told Congress, “to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressure.” (Divine, 813) This Doctrine marked the beginning of the Cold War between the United States and Russia.
The policy of containment issued by Secretary of State, General George C. Marshall, and created by Keenan and Acheson was first implemented by President Truman in aiding Greece against its communist insurrection. This policy of fighting the Russians by Proxy was the key concept of the Truman Doctrine and the result of the containment policy created by Marshall, Keenan, and Acheson. This led to several major engagements in backwaters of Asia for the United States, from Korea to Vietnam. These and many smaller engagements were a direct result of the containment policy and the adoption of the Truman Doctrine.
Russia in turn brought forth its own funding called the Molotov Plan. Because of that, they were able to spread communism through many countries. Some of these nations were: Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Eastern Germany, and numerous countries in Southeastern Asia. But on the US side we had the support from almost the entire Western Europe. So the tension started, between Western Europe or a republic society and Eastern Europe and communism. (Divine, 817)
There are many key events that happened throughout the entire duration of the Cold War. The fist main events that led up to the tension were the foreign aid policies. These policies were able to divide up Europe between the superpowers. After Europe was divided up treaty organizations and alliances stated forming up again. One of these alliances was the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). (Divine, 815) The allied the western portion of Europe wanted to ensure that the United States would protect from attack. Next came the Warsaw Pact, it was the communistic version of NATO. It was an alliance of eastern bloc of Europe.
Throughout the Cold War, relations between the Soviet Union and the west alternated between times of tension and crises and periods of reduced tension and limited cooperation. The United States wanted to contain Soviet influence in Europe so when General George C. Marshall became Secretary of State in January of 1947; during this time he saw a need to address policy concerns with Russia. The term containment by George Kennan in relation to the cold war refers to a U.S. policy of halting Russian aggression, expansion and influence around the globe.
The Truman Doctrine comes from a speech given by President Truman to Congress on March 12, 1947, asking for 400 million in military and economic aid for Greece. The worry was that the communists in Greece were being supported by the Russians and if Greece fell to the communists in its civil war, communism would spread throughout the Mediterranean. This Doctrine puts forth the idea that by affecting a country other than Russia we are still fighting the Russians by proxy. (Divine, 813) “It must be the policy of the United States,” Truman told Congress, “to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressure.” (Divine, 813) This Doctrine marked the beginning of the Cold War between the United States and Russia. The policy of containment issued by Secretary of State, General George C. Marshall, and created by Keenan and Acheson was first implemented by President Truman in aiding Greece against its communist insurrection.
This policy of fighting the Russians by Proxy was the key concept of the Truman Doctrine and the result of the containment policy created by Marshall, Keenan, and Acheson. Subsequently, the cold war was extended to Asia. The United States controlled the pacific including Japan. The Soviet Union dominated Northeast Asia. This led to several major engagements in backwaters of Asia for the United States, from Korea to Vietnam. These and many smaller engagements were a direct result of the containment policy and the adoption of the Truman Doctrine
The nation Korea was in fact, divided at the thirty eighth parallel into two sections. The northern sector was controlled by the Soviet Union, which waged war against the United States, “The Russians occupied the industrial North, installing a communist government under the leadership of Kim Il-Sung” (Divine, 819). The Southern half was controlled by a conservative nationalist, American sponsored ruler named Syngman Rhee. On June 25, 1950, the North Korean army crossed the thirty eighth parallel without warning, and in huge numbers. Joseph Stalin had approved this act of advance. “In January