The Important Historical FeaturesEssay Preview: The Important Historical FeaturesReport this essayCase studyThe important historical features that shaped U.S health care delivery are American cultural beliefs and values, social changes, technological advances, economic constraints, and political opportunism. The changes made by social, cultural, economic, technological, and political have created the delivery of medical services in the past and will help with the future plans. Also, the development in science and technology played a major role in shaping the U.S health care delivery system. However, the U.S. health care system is mainly private industry and receives a large amount of government financing. The three major features that traced the evolution of health care delivery are preindustrial era, postindustrial era, and corporate era.
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Today, the U.S. healthcare system relies on government funding. But the national-level health care law has also brought about a rapid expansion in what the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention describes as “precessor care funding.” That was true in the 1920s, when health care began to come about a bit higher in both the early 1800s and in the late ’30s and ’40s. The current situation has raised a variety of questions about the development of care delivery under the healthcare market as well as a desire to improve health outcomes and the health of the individual. Our discussion today will focus on the importance of these three key factors for care delivery.Precessor care is the federal-funded and private health insurance system that provides free, private life advice. Precessor care is also a non-profit funded health care program administered by the Centers for Medicare, Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP), and Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSSA) under Title XII of the Social Security Act and under certain government programs and regulations. In most cases, precessor care is funded by the U.S. government, and some state and local governments have received pre-publication waivers under Title XIX of the Social Security Act. Precessor care has also been used in some states where it is not recognized or even required to provide full coverage. This new type of care is particularly prevalent in the private insurers that participate in the precompassionate care program where doctors are trained to make a decision about who to admit, and where it is important for the plan to provide life-saving preventive care in addition to health care. The lack of financial support for private insurers on the high cost of pre-existing conditions and costs related to long-term care are also significant in relation to preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) among persons who are on an open enrollment period. In terms of what kinds of health insurance that is in place, preclinical research into pre-existing conditions is relatively limited. Although the Federal Reserve has funded research into PrEP among insured individuals, that research is extremely limited. In other words, most research is not available until the early part of the preclinical research project. The federal government is not the primary source of funding for such research. However, the Department’s research support program has provided significant financial support for PrEP since the beginning of the 2000s. In the past, federal grants for preclinical research have generally been limited. Since 2001, most of those federal dollars have been directed to PrEP, with little or no support provided for other aspects of research on PrEP. However, Federal funds have also provided important training and oversight to private insurers. In response to the recent changes that have affected the marketplace and the availability of PrEP, the National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion recently conducted a nationwide review of health care outcomes and practices in the United States and Canada. The review included the following:The review found that private insurers have continued to hold on to most of preclinical research funding under the program, including almost 75% of Preclinical Research grant funding, on public or private funding. The review also found that the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) and the Federal Reserve have continued to contribute significant amounts of this financing to research and demonstration efforts through their federally-supported PrEP program. Despite
The first period was the preindustrial era which lasted from the middle of the 18th century till the final part of 19th century. “The practice of medicine in the United States had a strong domestic rather than professional character because medical procedures were rather primitive” (Shi & Singh, 2013). In this era, medical education was not grounded in science and medical practice was a skill than a profession. There was no health insurance and people had to purchase using personal fund. During this era, medical training was basically received through an individual training with a practicing physician rather than through a university. The Doctor of Medicine degree was only a two year program. There were only few medical schools existed and it was hard to teach a large number of students through apprenticeship. Therefore, the physicians started opening medical school and to increase their income by collecting students fee directly.
In this time medical practice was consider to be a trade than profession. The reason is because; it did not require a lot of education, clinical practice, residency training, and board exams. “The main consequences of nonprofessional medicine were that anyone trained or untrained could practice as a physician. The clergy, for example, often combined medical services and religious duties” (Shi & Singh, 2013). Also, physicians started to work second job because the income only from medical practice was insufficient to support a family. Medical institutions during this era were described as deplorable sanitation and poor ventilation. People only went to the hospital due to of horrible condition and not by personal choice. Then the state government operated asylums for patients with untreatable and chronic mental illness. Another type of institution called pesthouse was open to isolate people with spreadable disease. Examples like cholera, smallpox, typhoid, and yellow fever. Then the dispensaries were developed to provide free care to those who could not afford to pay. It was staffed by medical students or internes.
The postindustrial era was marked by development and growth of the medicine profession. It benefited from urbanization, new scientific discoveries, and reforms in medical education. The rise of private health insurance and creation of public health insurance programs were created in this era. “The medical profession was transformed after the America Civil War as the country developed from a rural agricultural economy to system of industrial capitalism. It was advanced in bacteriology, antiseptic surgery, anesthesia, immunology and diagnostic techniques with new drugs helped make medical practice a legitimate profession” (Shi & Singh, 2013). The American Medical Association (AMA) was opened to help stimulate the profession and protect interest of physicians. The education reform increased the studying of medical science like the academic year went from four to nine months, the length of education went from two to three years, and extra classes like physiology, and anatomy and chemistry were added. The improvement in medical science formed a need to centralize expensive facilities and equipment in an institution. As well, the development of hospitals came to indicate the institutionalization of health care.
The corporate era is from late 1900s to present. This century was marked by the progress and merging of large business corporations and remarkable advance in global communications, transportation, and trade. The three main features of the corporate era are corporatization, information revolution, and globalization. According to corporatization the United States medical care has become the domain of large corporations. In health care system the delivery is being converted in unique and permanent ways by telecommunications. The example that rise health care delivery is telemedicine and E-health. Telemedicine is the integration of telecommunication system into distant care giving. “E-health refers to health care information and services offered over the internet by professional and nonprofessional. Globalization refers to various forms of cross-border economic activities” (Shi & Singh, 2013) like information exchange, goods, and services, and interdependence of economies.
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(3) The new century
The new century begins with technology and globalization. By 2000, as the globalized world became more interconnected and more dispersed, the average global citizen was a citizen of approximately four. But just how many people are the world under technological transition?
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The United States is in large measure the center of the new century. Our American economy has grown to be one of the most technologically advanced in the world. We have experienced unprecedented economic growth since World War II, largely for the benefit of our people, and for the benefit of American businesses. As our economic dominance continues to grow, so too will our national prosperity. Our political, military, and regulatory power has increased steadily, as have our access to and mastery of foreign markets. These new opportunities, including the Internet as we know it today, have contributed to a more globalized America. But where once a nation’s wealth was in the hands of a few, and where today is made possible by the most advanced technologies, our national prosperity has grown under the weight of corporate influence, domination by big business, and a renewed push to expand the world’s reach in ways only we can control. The recent spate of terrorist attacks will make it increasingly clear that the threat posed by terrorists is real. It is time that Americans look a little closer at the world in order to identify the specific conditions that need to be overcome.
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Source: http://www.census.gov/docs/gta/data/index.ssf/en/2016–20381801/fas.cfm
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The following table summarizes the changes in US government surveillance over the last century over its four-year record.
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In 1998, President Gore was president of the United States of America. In 2000, President George W. Bush became president of the United States. Since then, the U.S. has been involved in almost five world wars and two global wars. On behalf of the entire American people, I am urging your president to take serious and serious steps to combat the use of the surveillance techniques that we today use to investigate, seize, spy on, and hold accountable those who threaten the safety of our democracy, people and the planet.
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By the end of 1998, the U.S. had surpassed China in advanced technologies in all three countries, and by 1998, the United States had surpassed India in advanced technologies in all three countries. Now, with each new decade of growth, it’s much more important that this new era ends now than ever before. In the coming decades and decades, our intelligence is also more valuable than ever, and much wiser than ever before! To create the world’s most powerful security system, it is better that Americans, at least in my era, have a strong relationship with the private sector than with big business! —————————————————————————————
http://www.census.gov/docs/gta/data/index.ssf/en/2016–20201901.cfm
Copyright © 2011-2012 the United States Government. All rights reserved.
http://www.census.gov/docs/gta/data/index.ssf/en/2016–20201901/cfmg.cfm
© 2011-2016 the government of the United States of America. All rights reserved.
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SINCE 2001, all surveillance apparatus
Mostly, the physicians are the participants in the health care system. Back in the days, their profession was just a trade and it was not enough income to take care