Liability Of Certified Public Accounts
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Liability of Certified Public Accounts
An accountant is someone who prepares and analyzes financial records for a company, a government, or an individual. Decision makers to interpret financial information to plan then use these financial records. A certified public account (C.P.A.) is an accountant who takes and passes a uniform state test and then obtains a special license to practice.
Accountants are professionals whose expertise and knowledge the clients that hire them count on. Because of this expertise, the reports and financial statements that an accountant produces for his clients are considered a fair and accurate reporting of their clients financial situation.
Clients and third parties use these reports and financial statements to make important decisions. Because of how these reports and financial statements are used, an accountant has a liability to his clients and sometimes to third parties. There is potential liability under:
Common law
Securities Laws
Internal Revenue Code
An Accountants Liability to his Clients under Common Law
An accountants common law liability to his client can include:
Breach of contract
Negligence
Fraud
Breach of contract is the failure, without legal excuse, of an account to perform the obligation of the contract between the client and the accountant. The accountant owes a duty to his client to honor the terms of the contract that they entered into.
If the contract is breached the accountant can be held liable for expenses incurred by the client in finding and hiring another accountant as well as any penalties imposed on the client and any other monetary losses that are foreseeable.
Negligence is the failure to exercise the standard of care that a reasonable person would exercise in similar circumstances. To show negligence, four elements must be proved.
The elements of Negligence:
A duty of care existed
The duty of care was breached
The plaintiff (client) suffered an injury
The injury was proximately caused by the defendants (accountants) breach of duty of care.
An accountant has the standard of care to conform to generally accepted accounting
practices (GAAP) and to generally accepted auditing standards (GAAS). Any violation to these standards is considered evidence of negligence on the part of the accountant, although compliance to these standards does not necessarily relieve them of the potential for legal liability.
Fraud is any misrepresentation, by either misstatement or omission of material fact, knowingly made with the intention of deceiving another and on which a reasonable person would and does rely to his detriment.
There are four elements to fraud. They are:
A misrepresentation of material fact has occurred
There exists an intent to deceive
The innocent party has justifiably relied on the misrepresentation
For damages, the innocent party must have been injured
An accountant can be liable for two different types of fraud, actual fraud or constructive
fraud.
Actual fraud is when an accountant intentionally misstates a material fact to mislead his client and the client justifiable relies on the misstated fact to his injury.
Constructive fraud may be found if an accountant is grossly negligent in the performance of his duties. An accountant can be liable for constructive fraud whether or not he acted with fraudulent intent.
An Accountants Liability to Third Parties
An accountant may be held liable to third parties. There are three views on this liability, they are:
The Ultramares Rule
The Restatement Rule
The Reasonable Foreseeable User Rule
The Ultramares Rule states that privity of contract is required, and that accountants owe a
duty of care only to those persons whose primary benefit the reports or financial statements are intended. Privity of contract is the relationship that exists between the accountant and the contract he has with his client.
The Restatement Rule states that accountants are subject to liability for negligence not only to their clients, but also to foreseen or known users of their reports or financial statements. For example if an accountant knows that the client will submit the reports or financial statements to a bank to secure a loan, the accountant may be held liable to the bank for negligent misstatements or omissions because the bank relied on the work the accountant produced.
Small minorities of courts hold accountants liable to any users whose reliance on an accountants reports or financial statements was reasonable foreseeable.
The Reasonable Foreseeable User Rule states that accountants should be liable to those whose use of their reports or financial statements is reasonably foreseeable. This rule elaborates further on the Restatement Rule. It states that an accountant should be aware that other people besides his client will use the information in the reports and financial statements to make decisions concerning the client.
In all fairness, an accountant should not be held liable in circumstances where they are unaware of the use to which their opinions will be put. The restatement approach to third party liability it the more reasonable approach since it allows an accountant to control their exposure to liability.