Democracy and Development: Exploring the Expected AssociationEssay Preview: Democracy and Development: Exploring the Expected AssociationReport this essayDemocracy and Development: Exploring the Expected AssociationKhandakar Q. Elahi andConstantine P. DanopoulosAbstractMany social scientists, particularly in North America, believe that democracy hinders development. This paper discredits this obscure opinion by clarifying the conceptions of democracy, capitalism and development: Democracy, the theory of a political system of the non-communist state, is founded on the political wisdom that people are the sovereign authority of the state, and government, which executes this sovereign power, is their deputy. Capitalism, the economic system of the non-communist state, rests on the belief that an economy prospers rapidly if individuals are allowed to own and accumulate private property, because human beings are selfish by nature. Development is the performance of capitalism. Since democracy promotes individual’s liberty, including the right to own and accumulate private property, it is supposed to be most agreeable to capitalism – the most trusted model of affluent society.
I. INTRODUCTIONThe question, How to rule? has preoccupied many brilliant socially concerned minds since the dawn of human civilization. One reason is that those in charge of public administration, directly or indirectly, misunderstand, to say the least, the two pivotal political issues of human society – moral rights and justice. All our actions and activities in society are disciplined by the principles of moral rights. Since moral rights imply moral obligations – i.e., rights are reciprocal – the administration of justice involves the appropriate application of laws protecting and promoting those rights.
There are two polar political theories concerning justice in society. Theory of communism says that true social justice can be achieved only by eliminating the institution of private property; while a democracy, one form of the non-communist state, argues that such a state principle violates individual inherent rights. For, owning and accumulating private property is not only a natural right, but also a moral right and no human authority can transgress it. Therefore, justice can never be established in society by denying this right.
The last century saw the viciousness of the ‘Cold War’ between the East and the West. Fortunately the global community has become free from this viciousness as one combatant withdrew from the rivalry. As a result, the international community is witnessing progressive interests and efforts, from both national and international leadership, towards democratising the former Eastern block and third word countries. In this situation, any opinion suggesting that democracy and development are incompatible, must sound controversial as well as confusing.
Unfortunately this is the case. Many influential members of academia, particularly in North America, are strongly suggesting that democracy hampers development. An example is the American Economic Association’s (AEA) symposium on “Democracy and Development” held in 1993. The moderator summarised major opinions of the symposium with a sense of sarcasm: “Academic fashions often follow the public political mood. In a period when euphoric public commentators have announced ‘the end of history’ in the triumph of capitalistic democracy one sees an increasing number of scholarly studies attempting to show this. Very often this is on the basis of cross-country statistical evidence and a bit of wishful thinking and has a positive effect of democracy on development. It is in this context refreshing to see the non-committal results reported by Adam Przeworski and Fernando Limongi in their paper. On the basis of their review of the theoretical arguments and statistical studies they conclude rather bluntly: “We do not know whether democracy fosters or hinders economic growth”. (Bardhan 1993, p. 45)
This AEA conclusion should amaze all socially concerned minds. First, the West exists as living proof of the truth that democracy is the political model of affluent society. Because of its economic might, it has won the ‘Cold War’. Second, the current state of human knowledge suggests that this political model offers the greatest chance to establish law and order both within and between sovereign societies – something that is a precondition for economic development. Third, this notion clearly contradicts the teachings of human history. In a very fundamental sense, the history of human civilization is a history of struggle for democracy. Therefore, by suggesting a negative relationship between democracy and development, the academicians are distancing themselves from the real life phenomena. Finally, it must be a curious question for the people of former Soviet block countries: Why have they dismantled their political systems if democracy does not promote development?
In order to satisfy the above queries, this paper investigates theoretical relationships between democracy and development from the perspectives of moral and political philosophy. The paper has been organised as follows. The next section discusses the meaning and morale of democracy as a political system. Section III reviews the meaning and method of economic development – the magic of capitalism in creating an affluent society. Expected association between democracy and development, the main objective of the paper, is reiterated in Section IV. The paper is concluded in Section V.
II. DEMOCRACY: MEANING AND MORALEThe word, democracy, originates from the Greek term, ‘demokratia’, itself a compound of two other words – ‘demos’ meaning people and ‘kratia’ meaning rule or authority. Thus, the term, demokratia, signifies ‘the rule by the people’. This idea was used to describe the political system that was practised in several Greek cities, including Athens, from the mid fifth to 322 BCE. Athenian democracy had three unique features that distinguished it from other existing forms of government: selection of public officials by lot, accountability of the officials to demos, and decision-making by the popular assembly. These features justified the popular idea that people were the sovereign
Democracy is based on individual decision making, the right to govern in their own way, and personal self-expression and individuality. However, as democratic states lacked a right to government, the Athenians were willing to allow people into their systems of government and to be governed in their own way. They have adopted the classical democratic system that is based on individual decision making and personal self-expression and individuality. Democracy does not have to be ruled by a single group of people. It is based on the will of each individual.
Although Democracies were established in the Middle Ages in the middle years of the third century BCE, the common people of Greece was not yet yet a majority in their time of power. The common people had no power over their government. Instead, the common people were forced to choose one political party, one party with some specific ideas and their own party with other ideas. Some of the common people, for example, had been fighting a war against one another for a hundred years. The people had no power over the government and the politicians knew a lot about politics and their lives. When these common people were forced to vote their way out of the system, they had no voice in the government. As part of a system of rule by popular assemblies, all voters were allowed to choose their party and that party was represented by a representative. During the centuries, people could choose an idea from above, by forming their political parties to represent them, their political parties represented the common people, and most importantly, their political parties represented the common people (demagogues, patriots, senators, and legislators). The democrats were the most popular government, and in most cases, the most popular party in history. When the democrats established a central government, for example, everyone in the country was allowed to express his or her opinion on the matter which they considered a good use of democracy. During the middle years of the third century BCE, all elections in Greece were called by the common people a “general election”. The elections began in the middle of March, and continued until 1 April, when the general election took place. The General Election, or Grecian, was a process of selecting electors on a general ballot. The Grecian system was based upon the election of the electors at the start of the year. A representative at the end of the month received this representative’s vote and then the general election took place. A representative will generally be elected upon his or her performance of official governmental duty and can vote for whatever number of delegates he or she believes are necessary to form a government. While the Grecian system was based upon the elections, there was a limit to who could be a representative. While a representative vote was normally distributed, the number of representatives who had to decide at a