Competitive Advantage Erosion
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The purpose of this paper is to analyze the growing disparity of science and engineering education between the United States and China.
This disparity which is causing businesses to shift their operations to access highly educated talent pools in Asia are a result of 3 key factors.
1. China, understanding the importance of improving science and engineering education aims to leverage its highly skilled population to boost its competitive advantage in the global market.
2. The United States continues to have its competitive advantage eroded away as fewer and fewer college graduates leave higher education with an advanced degree in science or engineering.
INTRODUCTION
On October 4, 1957, the former Soviet Union launched Sputnik I, the first man-made satellite, into outer space. Sputnik I was a tiny object, only about the size of a basketball, but despite its size, the impact of this event changed the world with respect to politics, military, technology, and especially scientific development. While the launch of a basketball sized object into outers space might seem like a single but important event, it marked the start of the space age and the U.S.-U.S.S.R space race1. Fears of a “missile gap” and being overtaken technologically, drove the United States to increase funding for science and technology research. This push for technological superiority led to the United States competitive advantage in information technology that lasted for almost 30 years.
50 years after the launch of Sputnik I, the United States and other economically mature nations are facing a new technology gap. The sharp increase in foreign direct investment being used to build up advanced science and engineering research in Asia along with increased growth of advanced science graduates coming out of Asian universities, will lead to the erosion of the competitive advantage of the United States while boosting the growth of emerging Asian knowledge economies. As Sputnik changed global politics, military expansion, and science development for decades after its launch, so too will the growth of Asian science education and research.
CURRENT BUSINESS CLIMATE
While many Asian countries like Singapore are expending their knowledge economies, the general focus of the international political environment is being placed on China. As of today, China is becoming an important base of operations for technology research and development. Large technology companies like Hewlett Packard, Intel, Google, and Cisco have created research centers in China. These companies are expanding in one of the worlds fastest-growing economies, not just for low cost manufacturing and as a market for U.S. goods, but as a center for innovation with a considerable, educated talent pool2. The aforementioned educated talent pool is an important factor for the growth of research and development of high-end technology in China.
This growth is leading to a massive change in the way Multinational Corporations do business. Many of these new research centers, such as the one being created by HP will focus initially on developing technology for large corporations and government. The new HP research park is focusing its resource son finding ways to connect extensive computer networks. This lab could eventually branch out to focus on consumer technology and trump traditional American technology design labs. This is evidence of a shift in traditional operations. Little more than 10 years ago, American multinationals created the design of their products domestically and only had products manufactured in China to utilize low cost labor. Now, entire company supply chains are being shifted with activities for research, design, manufacturing, and even after purchase support all being conducted in China.
The shift in knowledge and operations is growing. With such a large shift in the availability of highly-skilled match and science skills to fuel technological innovation, what are American multi-national-corporations doing to leverage the increasing amounts of skilled labor in the developing world? In a 2005 press release, Wee Theng Tan, president of Intel China had this to say concerning Intels growing investment in R&D in China, “China has one of the worlds most compelling combinations of R&D talents and market potential. As a leading technology market with a growing number of highly trained researchers and technologists, China is creating the kind of dynamic environment that is an impetus to great R&D. Intel is committed to working with the local industry to help bring Chinese innovation into the world.5” Intel has invested nearly 1.3 billion dollars to China and cultivated a workforce of over 5,000 talented professionals. R&D has been a huge part of the companys investment since it first established the software labs in China in 1994.
The significance of the aforementioned “knowledge” gap is quite clear. The nation that can train and retain a highly talented and skilled talent pool will maintain a dominant position in global politics throughout the 21st century. The ability for society to progress by through the development of technological innovation is directly dependent on the skills of the individuals living within that society. The United State and other modern Western nations, should not fear terrorist attacks, but instead should fear the ever growing highly educated populations of the developing world.
TRADITIONAL VALUES
How did this happen? How did China and other growing knowledge economies in Asia become such a breeding ground for a highly competitive labor force highly skilled in math and science of this magnitude? The recent emphasis that China has placed on advancing science and engineering education is not at all radical. The importance of education has been a focal point for Chinese society since the oncoming of the teachings of Confucius during the 2nd Century B.C. A hallmark of Confucius thought is his emphasis on education and study. Confucius taught that true understanding can only come about as a result of rigorous study. Confucius He disparages those who have faith in natural understanding or intuition and argues that the only real understanding of a subject comes from long and careful study
MATHEMATICS IN CHINESE HISTORY
Core concepts of mathematics that are the essential building blocks of science and engineering are deeply intertwined with Chinese history. For example, Decimal Notation with characters denoting 1 – 10, 100, 1000