Youth Aggression and Digital Media
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Youth Aggression and Digital Media
Dao Hawkin
Abstract
Every day, kids and young adults spend most of their time using some form of digital media. This paper will focus on how much influence videogames and digital media have on todays youth. Video games are well known for their popularity and kids generally like playing them to have fun. In addition, this paper will show how video games and aggression can be linked and what can be done to prevent it.
Youth Aggression and Digital Media
There are different ways to classify media in todays society. Media includes video games, music, newspapers, internet, magazines and television. With ever-growing interests of electronic media devices, it would be unfortunate for mature-rated content to fall into the hands of a child who cannot yet comprehend what he/she is viewing. This is a very important issue for parents or any individual who is concerned with what their child or any child may have their hands on, for it could cause disturbances (e.g. reenacting what they see on TV). Studying how video games could cause a negative effect on youth might help provide a better insight to why it is important to keep violent games away from those not old enough to play them.
There is much evidence that suggest in the United States how video games are becoming the popular form of media. For example, in 2004 the video gaming industry capped out at $9.9 billion, which is more than $1 billion that box-office (movies) made in sales the same year (Morris, 2005). In 2004, five of the top-10 bestselling video games were classified by the Entertainment Software Ratings Board (ESRB) as having violent themes behind them (NPD Group, 2005).
While violent video games have become increasingly popular in modern households, it also raises concerns to why parents allow their children to be exposed to things such as violence in the first place. Some parents do not realize that the longer their children are being exposed to violence, the more prone they are to exert violence (Anderson & Bushman p.355). A disturbing example of this violence would be in 2011; a 16-year-old boy became frustrated while playing his video game and in his rage, he murdered his mother by chopping her body apart and trying to cremate her in the kitchen oven to hide the evidence. All of this came after his mother punished him from playing his Playstation 3 (Yam, 2011).
Literature Review
The correlation between frustration and aggression can be traced back to the frustration-aggression hypothesis (Dollard, 1939). Berkowitz and Harmon-Jones (2004) rephrased this hypothesis, to state, “barriers to the attainment of an expected gratification produce instigation to aggression” (Berkowitz & Harmon-Jones 2004, p.111). In other words, frustration can be built in the occurrence of an event (e.g.: obstacle) that prevents a goal from being reached (e.g.: winning, gratification). In practical terms, those who are proposed to facing obstacles (video game related) are trying to achieve the goal by beating a level. During this time one must face several challenges and as the game progresses, it becomes increasingly difficult causing one to build up frustration and anger thus, manifesting itself into reality.
Children have limited opportunities to view mature content because they are unable to purchase media marked for mature audiences. If a child possesses a “Mature” game, its because an adult either sold it to them or their parent or guardian purchased it for them. There should be consequences for retailers who carelessly sell mature-rated games to minors.
Singer, Singer and Rapacynski (2006) suggested that “television has become such an intrinsic feature of the American household that studies of the development and socialization of children must consider it as a potential source of influence”(p.1). Art imitates life, and when children play violent games, eventually theyre going to think that society must be what they enact in the video game.
One approach that makes a connection between media violence and aggressive behavior is Huesmanns (1986, 1988) social developmental theory. Huesmann suggested that social behaviors are largely controlled by cognitive scripts, or knowledge representations that guide behavior. Scripts can be developed through direct experiences. From exposure to media violence, children develop aggressive scripts for dealing with problems as well as normative beliefs that could possibly encourage aggressive responses to those problems (Huesmann & Guerra, 1997). Several factors inherent to violent television and video games (e.g. cool video game characters and justified violence) can increase the possibility of encoding. Some studies have indicated that children are more likely to attend to, identify with and learn from attractive models than unattractive ones (Bandura, 1986, 1994). A recent meta-analysis of 217 experiments revealed that justified violence increases the risk of aggressive behavior in viewers (Paik & Comstock, 1994).
Anderson and Bushman (2001) suggest that violent media are “those that depict intentional attempts by individuals to inflict harm on others. An individual can be a non-human cartoon character, real person, or anything in between.” (p.354). Traditional cartoons (ex: Bugs Bunny, Wil-e-coyote) are filled with violence. When asked why media violence increases aggression and violence, Anderson and Bushman (2001) had this to say, “The enactment of aggression is largely based on the learning, activation and application of aggression-related knowledge structures store in ones memory (e.g.: scripts, schemas) (p.355).”
Anderson and Bushman (2001) also tried to correlate different sources of media while trying to tie together the source that links them to aggression. They tried taking a sample group of individuals and testing their TV/movie viewing habits and assessing whether or not the type of media they were viewing (non-violent and violent) had an effect on the individuals aggression. Not only did the results clearly support Anderson and Bushmans hypothesis that exposure to violent video games and media pose a public-health threat to children and youth, the experiment was conducted using males and females but surprisingly, they came up with similar results.
Singer, Singer and Rapaczynski