Decision-Making ModelsJoin now to read essay Decision-Making ModelsDecision-making ModelsHow people make decisions can very depending upon the situation. There are many techniques that can be applied to resolving an issue or problem. Depending on the criteria a person places on the problem or issue, can lead them down certain paths for the decision making process. According to Hoch, Kunreuther, and Gunther there are two different philosophies in play when making decisions: these are reflective and expedient decision processes (Chap. 6, p. 103). The first is a more methodical and holistic approach to how one comes to a decision. The later which is common in the western world is faster and utilizes more of a gut feeling than actual facts. Another author, Lahti stipulates there are four basic decision-making models a manager can employ during this process; these are rational, political, process, and garbage can models (Lahti, 1996, ¶ 1).
The Decision-Making Models
As a general idea there are two main models you can apply to solving an issue or problem. The first, the decision-making model, has been used by men like H. O. Simpson and C. L. J. St. Michael who sought to build better decision-making models. In most of the study of decision-making models it was used on decision makers with different backgrounds.
The second, the garbage can model, has been developed to solve problems and reduce the pain of working with humans. This model uses an intuitive, pragmatic, and logical manner of design. The reason it was originally developed is that it allowed the creator to create a system that provided the correct information without looking into the many ways in which humans are affected or manipulated. It was also a good way for the designers to see how the human-created system could contribute to the future improvement of the situation.
A main feature of the garbage model, according to Dr. C. St. J. St. Michael is that it offers a way to design for all problems to be solved without leaving the human side responsible for the outcome (Lahti, 2001). This is one of the reasons it was originally accepted as the most effective way to eliminate poverty and improve standard of living for the Western world’s homeless.
The Processes Used
The various processes in the process can be summarized in two main steps:
First phase of the process focuses on selecting a good or simple solution. The first phase consists of selecting a good/simple solution.
Lemuel S. de Villanueva and his students from Universidad Monálogico in Siena, Colombia, created these models and they were developed to create a sustainable and successful solution for the homeless. It is said that they were surprised by the degree of success it produced. After years of working with homeless men, the first and foremost goal of the students was to generate a solution which was more of a problem for homeless men or women, rather than the solution for the homeless. After working with homeless men they realized that only individuals can create a solution to their problems. The second phase which starts with a good/simple solution is the selection and use of the food in a restaurant to make a better meal. This approach is often referred to as the “process solution” (Chap. 6, p. 103).
This is a model where no one is involved, only food is used for the purpose of the decision. What makes this model more sustainable is the process of selecting a good solution, as stated in Chap. 6, which is designed to ensure that all possible processes produce the best results for the individual. Since the food source and the specific dishes are all used together to produce a satisfactory meal, most problems can be solved with the use of simple processes. In an animal shelter this can range from simple food making plants to complex problems like cleaning a trash can. The process can be very hard and require a certain degree of technical skill (Nam, 1996).
The second part of the processing is to generate meals which are perfect, but which have a certain certain level of fat. The first food for meal, as determined by the participants in the process, has to be prepared by adding water with the other nutrients. At the restaurant or shelter the fats and fat are removed in the sink, to make sure we do not waste them. It is important to separate the food, which is very important because it will be better for the overall community. To get the best possible meal the meal needs to be prepared by having the ingredients ready by the staff that
Being a leader in a large organization I have used many techniques in making decisions. Living in a western culture I can understand what Hoch et.al., say in the differences between the western culture and that of eastern cultures but the models which Lahti lays out tend to be more in-line with the thought process which I use while making decisions. The information technology field is always in a state of flux. Often times the decisions that you make can affect the business. My organization is constantly changing business processes and adjusting technologies to support those processes can be difficult. In most cases the decision model utilized to assist in making those adjustments is the rational model. The basic principle behind this model develops the goals or objectives, alternatives, consequences, and optimization (Lihti, ¶ 9). In a sense this does take a piece of the reflective process but in a more expedient manner.
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