Exploring Sexuality with William Shakespeare
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The presence of homoerotic references in the works of William Shakespeare was a direct result of the Elizabethan attitude towards sex during the English Renaissance. Within the privacy of the sonnets, Shakespeare could effusively express a passion that the Elizabethan Era, with its social mores, stifled greatly as it frowned upon homosexuality. Given the freedom to express himself uninhibitedly, Shakespeare cast aside the homophobia of his age and inscribed love sonnets for another male, Mr. W.H. This unrestricted honesty created great tension and drama between Shakespeare and his adversary, the dark lady as well as fueling some of the greatest love poems of all time.
Over hundreds of years, it comes to no surprise that many scholars have found the sonnets effective in revealing insight into the biography of William Shakespeare. The emotional pressure contained in many of the sonnets and the fact that many, if not all, are dedicated to a man named Mr. W.H., provide important clues to Shakespeares life. It begins with the sonnets dedication, a passage written by Shakespeare that opens a world of controversy amongst scholars. The dedication runs as follows:
To.The.Only.Begetter.Of
These.Ensuing.Sonnets.
Mr.W.H.All.Happiness.
And.That.Eternity.
Promised.
By.
Our.Ever.Living.Poet.
Wisheth.
The.Well.Wishing.
Adventurer.In.
Setting.
Forth.
T.T.
(Shakespeare, 1490)
The initials T.T. at the conclusion of the dedication refer to Thomas Thorpe, the original publisher of the sonnets (
During the English Renaissance, it was customary for members of high social standings to hire established writers and poets to create masterful love sonnets and other works of literature for their entertainment. For a large portion of his adult life, Shakespeare spent his time writing sonnets for an upper class family, specifically for a young man (Rowse, 96). The beginning sonnets describe a lovely youth and it is believed that over time, Shakespeares sonnets became more personal as the relationship between him and his patron intensified. Scholars have professed that this patron could in fact be “the only begetter of the sonnets,” Mr. W.H, or William Hughes.
The majority of the sonnets were written between 1593 and 1596, however, they were not published until 1609 and then further edited in 1640, long after Shakespeares death (Auden, 86). The randomness of their order leads scholars such as Northrop Frye to question their validity in accurately capturing real life happenings (Fleperin, 96). The publisher who replicated the sonnets in 1640 actually changed the pronouns in sonnets 15 through 126 to make it seem as if the poems were addressed to a woman. The question now at hand is; are the feelings expressed in the sonnets a celebration of homosexual love? And if so, how could such feelings emerge in a time where homosexuality had no place in social life (Taylor, 39)?
The sixteen hundreds were a time of strict values and high standards of living. At this time, embracing sexuality was not encouraged and questioning ones sexuality was not an option. During the English Renaissance it was common for men to wear their hair long and dress in silks and ruffles (Taylor, 45). World renowned professor, Edward Hubler, published his book, The Sense of Shakespeares Sonnets, in which he points out the Elizabethan men used the term “lover” between men without embarrassment (Hubler, 17). Author C.L. Barber, in his essay on Shakespeares Sonnets, reminds us that the suppressed roles of women in Elizabethan society kept them out of the theater, forcing men to play the roles of women in many of Shakespeares productions at the Globe Theater. This openness is most attributed to Shakespeares sexual curiosity, and because his masculinity was never in doubt, his sexual awakening quickly progressed.
To truly grasp Shakespeares feelings for Mr. W.H, we must refer to sonnet twenty, which is the first in the series to address the mysterious love affair. Despite the fact that male friendships were openly affectionate, the sonnets powerful emotions are indicative of a deeper love (Cross, 1,490). Line two of the poem describe the subject as the “master-mistress” of his passion. Right away we sense a conflict between the love for a man and the love for a women. Shakespeare makes it known in lines eight and nine of the sonnet, that W.H was in fact created for a womans love and affection, telling his readers that his subject is male. Further into the poem he describes his acceptance of that fact that he was defeated by nature, but continues to acknowledge their love (Cross, 1,4940). Shakespeares persistence in his attempt to win over the heart of his acquaintance is noted in sonnets 135-137 (Cross, 1511,1512). It is here that Shakespeare emphasizes the name Will as seen in italics in nearly every line. It is at this point in the series where it is suspected that the poets love for W.H is being threatened by a woman.
In attempts to re-establish the dark lady in relation to Mr. W.H, scholars have studied specific sonnets in which her character is revealed. We find that the twenty-five