Innovative Approaches in Corporate ManagementInnovative Approaches in Corporate ManagementPart 1Polaroid and Xerox have these common strategic management points:First movers (Pioneers)PatentsPropitious nicheProduct life cycleMarket leadersBrand Name (Customer Loyalty)Polaroid Corporation and Xerox Corporation, being first movers, enjoyed propitious niches and were able to establish a monopoly for some period of time by establishing barriers to entry. Polaroid did this with its patent for its instant picture market, and that created an entry barrier for competitors until the expiration of the patent, which opened the door for competition. Xerox did this with its patent on photocopier Xerox Corporation, developed the first copiers in the late 60s had monopoly patent protection, giving it almost 95% market share in the 70s. However, it lacked innovation, and could not introduce new products to the market, and provide good services to customers. Competitors took advantage of this, causing Xerox to lag behind their competitors, because the competitors developed and introduced new and even better copier technology with new technology (without infringing on Xeroxs patents), and also provided customers with faster delivery and better service.
Polaroid’s inability to defend its niche, keep new entrants out and inability to adapt to technological innovations led to the loss of their propitious niches and significant loss in market share. Xerox, as a dominator of the copier market, experienced years of success, but started losing share price to the copying and printing giants around the world, who were taking chunks of its market share; after massive sales-force reorganization, employee morale had been destroyed. Its brand has so penetrated the American vernacular that it is also used as a noun and a verb. The company is so identified with its product that the term “Xerox machine” is often used to refer to photographic duplicators produced by other companies.
The Patent vernacular
In the United States Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) Patent & Trademark Office (PTO) is the nation’s largest court in the art of patent litigation.
PTO’s are not limited to an application for a copyright registration number and a patent for a invention.
This is the same process that is used in other courts. PTO judges will conduct cases in a civil court or in the Federal Circuit, as well as state, tribal and local courts. PTO judges look over the facts before issuing a patent, determine the facts under oath and the issue of a judgment to proceed after the decision is confirmed.Â
PTO lawyers often take their case before the patent court, but they are independent. They can choose to file a separate, separate case rather than filing this one and it will be decided as an appellate court. The appellate court will judge the fact(s) that the patent sought cannot be infringed by the same person within 15-30 days. All appeals are reviewed through a second, third or fourth hearing. The circuit judge may also issue a binding opinion.  The hearing period is from a Tuesday – Friday to a Friday – Saturday; usually Monday – Sunday.  This ensures every judge from each circuit has time to decide a claim before the appellate court.
The American Library Association (Aluis) and the American Chemical Society have their own PTO’s; the American Petroleum Institute. The Petroleum Institute supports the PTO with research. Â Each issue is reviewed by a PTO attorney.
A few reasons for their existence  :
The PTO attorneys are independent judges who work on a case by case basis. PTO attorneys can not give orders to an outside jury.  They have no power to order the release of the defendants or their attorneys or to hear their case before the supreme court. The PTO’s are appointed by the president in their state offices. The Supreme Court is a lower court in Louisiana. The law of limitations for an invention is not enforced. As a rule, patent trolls can sue patent trolls for injunctive relief as if the copyright claim were still pending.
Other cases are not reviewed by a PTO attorney.
This is the first time in history that a single entity has taken over a patent infringement case. This has already happened in Canada and the United States.
So here are the PTOs you might have not heard of:
Xerox Corporation
Aircraft Group
Aircraft Group is very well known as a maker of propeller-driven aircraft because it built the first flying aircraft powered by its own Rolls-Royce Merlin. In 1956, it received patent 4,974 in United States Patent No. 131339, and in 1987
The Patent vernacular
In the United States Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) Patent & Trademark Office (PTO) is the nation’s largest court in the art of patent litigation.
PTO’s are not limited to an application for a copyright registration number and a patent for a invention.
This is the same process that is used in other courts. PTO judges will conduct cases in a civil court or in the Federal Circuit, as well as state, tribal and local courts. PTO judges look over the facts before issuing a patent, determine the facts under oath and the issue of a judgment to proceed after the decision is confirmed.Â
PTO lawyers often take their case before the patent court, but they are independent. They can choose to file a separate, separate case rather than filing this one and it will be decided as an appellate court. The appellate court will judge the fact(s) that the patent sought cannot be infringed by the same person within 15-30 days. All appeals are reviewed through a second, third or fourth hearing. The circuit judge may also issue a binding opinion.  The hearing period is from a Tuesday – Friday to a Friday – Saturday; usually Monday – Sunday.  This ensures every judge from each circuit has time to decide a claim before the appellate court.
The American Library Association (Aluis) and the American Chemical Society have their own PTO’s; the American Petroleum Institute. The Petroleum Institute supports the PTO with research. Â Each issue is reviewed by a PTO attorney.
A few reasons for their existence  :
The PTO attorneys are independent judges who work on a case by case basis. PTO attorneys can not give orders to an outside jury.  They have no power to order the release of the defendants or their attorneys or to hear their case before the supreme court. The PTO’s are appointed by the president in their state offices. The Supreme Court is a lower court in Louisiana. The law of limitations for an invention is not enforced. As a rule, patent trolls can sue patent trolls for injunctive relief as if the copyright claim were still pending.
Other cases are not reviewed by a PTO attorney.
This is the first time in history that a single entity has taken over a patent infringement case. This has already happened in Canada and the United States.
So here are the PTOs you might have not heard of:
Xerox Corporation
Aircraft Group
Aircraft Group is very well known as a maker of propeller-driven aircraft because it built the first flying aircraft powered by its own Rolls-Royce Merlin. In 1956, it received patent 4,974 in United States Patent No. 131339, and in 1987
Consumers recognize the Polaroid name in an instant. The company makes instant film and cameras, digital cameras, specialty photo gear (such as lenses and filters), professional imaging equipment, and security ID-card systems.
Customer loyalty is a direct benefit of being a first mover. Many times, first movers are remembered, primarily because they did such a good job of establishing the market that they became forever associated with it. Many first movers were so good at establishing the market for the product that people use their name as the generic product.
Product life cycle is very critical to the setting of strategy in companies. Polaroid’s instant camera had gone to its maturity stage and it was time to develop something new, like the digital camera, but they failed to do this. Xerox’s black and white copiers had also reached its maturity stage and they should have gone into production of color copiers earlier.
Part 2Xerox Corp. —- Some Strategic Mistakes“Once synonymous with corporate success and technological innovation, Xerox is now struggling with losses and a leaden stock-not to mention a reputation for fumbling high-tech opportunities”. (www.businessweek.com /2001/01_10/b3722003.htm)
Xerox’s downfall can be attributed to, its inability to adapt to technological changes and management failure. However, their biggest problem is internal. They failed to improve on their strengths, and also failed to turn their weaknesses into strengths. They struggled with internal communication, incentive structures, and marketing. The rapid change of the technology sector makes most of the technological companies suffer.
Xerox made a lot of strategic mistakes, ranging from failure of protecting market share from competition; having been lagged in developing products with digital technology; board irresponsibility; traumatic sales-force reorganization; inefficient service-force reorganization; serious financial problems such as heavy short term debts, built up working capital and accumulated account receivables; ineffective transition from selling high-tech products to selling high-tech solutions and services which resulted in losing the direction of the company.
With the advent of IBM into the copier field in the late 60s, Xerox decided to experiment with computers. It formed Xerox Computer Services, acquired Scientific Data Systems, and opened its Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) in California. Xerox through PARC, invented most of the technology used today, i.e.,