Prevalence of Eating Disorders
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THE PREVALENCE OF EATING DISORDERS
AMONG COLLEGE FEMALES
I. INTRODUCTION
Eating disorders are mental illnesses that contribute to more deaths than any other, with a 20% mortality rate. In 1998, 150,000 deaths were attributed to the eating disorder known as anorexia. Anorexia can be defined as, “a serious disorder in eating behavior primarily of young women in their teens to early twenties that is characterized especially by a pathological fear of weight gain leading to faulty eating patterns, malnutrition, and unusually excessive weight loss,” (“Anorexia Nervosa”). Although only 1-3 % of American women are affected by an eating disorder, it has been estimated that as many as 20% of college women are affected by anorexia, bulimia, or display eating disordered behaviors, (Nelson). As many as one in five undergraduate women say they know a fellow student who has or has had an eating disorder at one point, (Hubbard).
This report illustrates why college age women are more likely than any other group to develop an eating disorder. This report examines the factors that may dictate an individuals behavior to participate in disorderly eating. Recently, extensive research has been completed on this topic because new statistics are being published and colleges are being alerted about the severity of this disease. This research has concluded that factors such as ethnicity, personality, and family relationships are key components in college age women facing these eating problems. Also, environmental changes that occur when one moves away to college from home can bring about new personal issues. Furthermore, the activities and interests that college women may interact with may allow self-esteem concerns to surface which can lead to eating disorders.
II. PREDISPOSING FACTORS
Many eating disorders that develop in college age women have roots that can be traced to the childhood of the individual. Research suggests that factors such as racial/ethnic background, personality type and characteristics, and the individuals relationship to his or her parents will determine the likelihood for developing an eating disorder.
RACIAL/ETHNIC BACKGROUND
An individuals racial/ethnic background is the easiest factor to put a numerical value on, and the statistics are overwhelming. In a study done by Linda Nielsen, she concluded that nearly 25% of white women presently or formerly had an eating disorder, in comparison to only 9% of black women. Not only do white women account for a larger portion of anorexics, they are also more likely to know another woman who suffers from anorexia. Nielsen also concluded that “nearly 92% of white women and [only] 77% of black women without eating disorders had known someone who was anorexic,” (Nielsen). Possible reasons behind these statistics can be attributed to different outlooks on beauty between the white and black race. She says, “In part this is because black males and females have a less restrictive, less narrow definition of what makes a woman beautiful- especially when it comes to how much a woman weighs,” (Neilsen).
PERSONAL ITY
Another predisposing factor is personality type. Many anorexics share common personality traits; these traits “may be described as obsessive, dependant, over controlled in hostility, and unassertive,” (Rogers). In recent studies completed by interviewing anorexics and asking them to describe their personality based on a series of questions, many consistencies were found between eating disorders, and “perfectionist, type-A personalities,” (Hubbard). Perhaps because these women have an innate drive to succeed, they wish to control every aspect of their lives. Alicia Mitchell, a recovering anorexic describes her bout with an eating disorder as “a way to succeed in another part of my life. I conquered virtually every other aspect of my life, and my weight and eating habits were next,” (Mitchell).
FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS
Relationships with family members, specifically the parents also can predispose certain individuals to eating disorders. Children, particularly females, often mimic the behaviors and attitudes pertaining to weight and beauty that they learned from the maternal figure in their lives. If a young girls mother is comfortable with her own sexuality and with her own weight, then the girl is less likely to develop unhealthy attitudes about her own sexuality and appearance. In addition, the daughters relationship with her father also seems to have an impact on the development of eating disorders. It has been theorized